Granular flow and fluidized beds Open access

Force networks in dense granular media

Farhang Radjaï, David E. Wolf, Stéphane Roux, Jean Michel and 1 more

Feb 19, 2026 | 30 citations

Abstract

Abstract

Using Contact Dynamics simulations of quasistatically driven assemblies of rigid particles we show that the contact network at every stage of deformation is composed of two complementary subnetworks: a “strong” percolating subnetwork of the contacts carrying a force larger than the mean force, and a “weak” subnetwork of the contacts carrying a force lower than the mean force. In the strong subnetwork, all contacts are nonsliding and forces have a decreasing exponential distribution. Almost the whole dissipation takes place inside the weak subnetwork, where the number of normal forces decays as a power-law. The strong subnetwork supports all the deviatoric load, whereas the weak subnetwork contributes only to the mean pressure. The orientation of the induced anisotropy (major principal axis of the fabric tensor) in the strong subnetwork is the same as that of the stress tensor, but the orientation of the induced anisotropy in the weak subnetwork is orthogonal.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Farhang Radjaï

first | Mercator Institute for China Studies | ORCID 0000-0003-1376-7705

David E. Wolf

middle | Mercator Institute for China Studies | ORCID 0009-0000-2634-9874

Stéphane Roux

middle | Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes | ORCID 0000-0003-4885-6732

Jean Michel

middle | Laboratoire de Mécanique et d’Acoustique

Jean Jacques Moreau

last | Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Radja2026Force,
  title = {Force networks in dense granular media},
  author = {Farhang Radjaï and David E. Wolf and Stéphane Roux and Jean Michel and Jean Jacques Moreau},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1201/9781003761693-47},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003761693-47}
}

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