Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
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An experimental evolution model is developed that “replay” over one hundred monoclonal GC reactions, assigning affinities to each cell using deep mutational scanning, and reveals how GCs achieve predictable outcomes by means of noisy but persistent selection on an affinity landscape whose exploration is heavily constrained by somatic hypermutation biases.
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Darwinian evolution of immunoglobulin genes within germinal centers (GCs) underlies the progressive increase in antibody affinity following antigen exposure. Whereas the cellular mechanics of how competition between B cells increases affinity are well established, the evolutionary dynamics of this process are less clear. We developed an experimental evolution model in which we "replay" over one hundred monoclonal GC reactions, assigning affinities to each cell using deep mutational scanning. Our data reveal how GCs achieve predictable outcomes by means of noisy but persistent selection on an affinity landscape whose exploration is heavily constrained by somatic hypermutation biases. We infer a fitness landscape that quantitatively recapitulates the affinity maturation trajectory of our clone and find that apparent features of GC selection, such as permissiveness to low-affinity lineages and rapid plateauing of affinity, are likely artifacts of survivorship biases that distort our view of how B cell affinity progresses over time.
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@article{DeWitt2026Replaying,
title = {Replaying germinal center evolution on a quantified affinity landscape},
author = {William S. DeWitt and Ashni A. Vora and Tatsuya Araki and Jared Galloway and Tanwee Alkutkar and Juliana Bortolatto and Tiago B. R. Castro and Will Dumm and Chris Jennings-Shaffer and Tongqiu Jia and Luka Mesin and Gabriel Ozorowski and Juhee Pae and Duncan Ralph and Jesse D. Bloom and Armita Nourmohammad and Yun S. Song and Tyler N. Starr and Frederick A. Matsen IV and Gabriel D. Victora},
journal = {Cell},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2026.05.013},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2026.05.013}
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