Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research Peer reviewed

Characterizing Regional Variation of PFAS Profiles in Human Serum from China by Integrated Target and Nontarget Analysis with Machine Learning

Guiying Li, Taicheng An, Huikang Lin, Chang He and 3 more

Environmental Science & Technology | Aug 21, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are globally detected in humans, yet regional variations in PFAS exposure remain insufficiently characterized. Herein, by utilizing target and nontarget analysis with machine learning, differences in PFAS exposure were assessed based on 1088 serum samples of the population from SX, GD, HeB, and HuB regions in China. Nontarget analysis identified 49 PFASs, among which bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (Ntf2), C8 per- and polyfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acid, C12 hydrogen-substituted polyfluoroalkyl (linear) carboxylic acid, 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid, 1-hydroxy-6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, haloxyfop, and leflunomide were reported in human serum for the first time. Target analysis indicated total PFAS concentrations of 9.4, 17, 25, and 29 ng/mL in the SX, GD, HeB, and HuB regions, respectively, with compositional profiles differing in the proportions of specific PFAS classes. Machine learning classifiers achieved an accuracy of 0.89 in distinguishing samples from the four regions, revealing significant interregional disparity. Furthermore, PFNA, Ntf2, PFOA, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were identified as distinctive exposure biomarkers for SX, GD, HeB, and HuB, respectively, each being closely associated with local industrial activities. Overall, this study elucidates the region-specific characteristics of human PFAS exposure in China, providing a scientific basis for regionally tailored health risk assessment and pollution control strategies.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Guiying Li

middle | Guangdong University of Technology | ORCID 0000-0002-6777-4786

Taicheng An

last | Guangdong University of Technology | ORCID 0000-0001-6918-8070

Huikang Lin

first | Guangdong University of Technology

Chang He

middle | Guangdong University of Technology | ORCID 0000-0003-2345-5940

Anna Ji

middle | Guangdong University of Technology

Xiaohui Yu

middle | Guangdong University of Technology

Xiaoping Wang

middle | China Agricultural University | ORCID 0000-0001-7524-7540

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Li2026Characterizing,
  title = {Characterizing Regional Variation of PFAS Profiles in Human Serum from China by Integrated Target and Nontarget Analysis with Machine Learning},
  author = {Guiying Li and Taicheng An and Huikang Lin and Chang He and Anna Ji and Xiaohui Yu and Xiaoping Wang},
  journal = {Environmental Science & Technology},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1021/acs.est.6c04503},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c04503}
}

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