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Impact of Unbonded CFRP Strengthening on the Bending Performance of Steel I-Beams: A Numerical Study

Fengky Satria Yoresta, Erizal Erizal, Naresworo Nugroho, Lastiur Eva Panggabean

Symmetry | Jul 2, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

The performance of steel structures can decrease over time due to several factors and therefore requires serious consideration to avoid any risks to users. Currently, strengthening of structures using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials is gaining in popularity. This paper presents a finite element (FE) analysis to investigate the flexural performance of steel I-beams strengthened with unbonded carbon FRP (CFRP). A total of 38 beam models is developed with four influential parameters considered, namely CFRP thickness, CFRP elastic modulus, type of steel beam cross-section, and strengthening length. The results of the investigation confirm that unbonded CFRP strengthening improves the performance of steel I-beams. Initial stiffness and moment capacity of the beams increase as the thickness of CFRP, CFRP elastic modulus, and strengthening length increase. The increase in the initial stiffness of beams tends to be linear as the length of strengthening increases. Meanwhile, the linear trend occurs only up to CFRP lengths of 700 mm or 800 mm for the increase in beam moment capacity. Unbonded CFRP strengthening contributes higher to steel beams with a lower moment of inertia.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Fengky Satria Yoresta

first | IPB University | ORCID 0000-0003-2909-5800

Erizal Erizal

middle | IPB University | ORCID 0000-0002-0405-7392

Naresworo Nugroho

middle | IPB University | ORCID 0000-0001-8957-3603

Lastiur Eva Panggabean

last | IPB University

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Yoresta2026Impact,
  title = {Impact of Unbonded CFRP Strengthening on the Bending Performance of Steel I-Beams: A Numerical Study},
  author = {Fengky Satria Yoresta and Erizal Erizal and Naresworo Nugroho and Lastiur Eva Panggabean},
  journal = {Symmetry},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/sym18071128},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18071128}
}

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