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Performance, emission and multi‐objective optimization of CuO nanoparticle‐enhanced corn oil biodiesel in a CI engine using response surface methodology

Raviteja Surakasi, Rapeta Sundara Ramam, Yajjala Ravikanth

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy | Jul 22, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract This study investigates the performance and emissions of CuO nanoparticle‐enhanced corn oil biodiesel (BD20) in a CI engine to optimize performance and emissions. The amount of CuO nanoparticles added ranged from 25 to 100 ppm, and different loading conditions were employed. The outcomes suggest that incorporating nanoparticles significantly improves brake thermal efficiency, which increased by approximately 50.5% under the optimum condition, indicating a positive effect due to higher combustion efficiency, heat transfer, and catalytic activity. These higher combustion temperatures and more intense oxidation reactions resulted in slightly higher carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by approximately 25% and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emissions by approximately 12.3%, on average. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to model the multi‐objective optimization. The optimum load was 10.56 kg, and the optimum concentration was 100 ppm, with a desirability value of 0.768, indicating a balance between emission enhancement and reduction. The study has shown that the combustion characteristics of biodiesel are greatly improved by the addition of CuO nanoparticles, making it an attractive alternative fuel for CI engines with emission compromises that need to be carefully managed.

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Authors

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Raviteja Surakasi

first | Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam | ORCID 0000-0002-0786-0105

Rapeta Sundara Ramam

middle | Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam | ORCID 0000-0001-9070-4578

Yajjala Ravikanth

last | Maharaj Vijayaram Gajapathi Raj College of Engineering

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Surakasi2026Performance,
  title = {Performance, emission and multi‐objective optimization of CuO nanoparticle‐enhanced corn oil biodiesel in a CI engine using response surface methodology},
  author = {Raviteja Surakasi and Rapeta Sundara Ramam and Yajjala Ravikanth},
  journal = {Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1002/ep.70608},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.70608}
}

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