Role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in diabetes mellitus and its complications: from mechanisms to therapeutics

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Diabetes mellitus and its complications represent a major global public health challenge, with their pathogenesis closely linked to chronic, low-grade, non-infectious metabolic inflammation. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway, a crucial innate immune sensor of cytosolic DNA, has recently emerged as a central hub linking metabolic stress to sterile inflammation. This review systematically elucidates the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the cGAS-STING pathway in diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Under diabetic metabolic stress conditions—such as hyperglycemia and lipotoxicity—mitochondrial dysfunction and nuclear DNA damage lead to the leakage of DNA into the cytoplasm, which acts as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to activate the cGAS-STING pathway. Aberrant activation of this pathway is extensively involved in the pathogenesis of various diabetic complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), nephropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcers, and macrovascular disease, driving tissue damage through mechanisms such as pyroptosis, inflammatory responses, fibrosis, and cellular senescence. Furthermore, the cGAS-STING signaling cascade plays a critical role in core pathological processes of diabetes mellitus, including the regulation of insulin resistance, adipose tissue inflammation, and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Current intervention strategies targeting this pathway—comprising small molecule inhibitors (e.g., STING inhibitors C-176/H-151, cGAS inhibitor RU.521), strategies for mitochondrial quality control (e.g., modulating mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics), and various natural products and traditional Chinese medicine formulations—have demonstrated significant therapeutic promise in preclinical models. Nevertheless, challenges remain in this field, including cell-type specificity, therapeutic windows, pathway redundancy, and a lack of reliable biomarkers. Future directions aimed at advancing targeted therapies of the cGAS-STING pathway from bench to bedside should focus on leveraging single-cell multi-omics technologies to decipher its spatiotemporal specificity, developing precision-targeted delivery systems, exploring multi-target combination strategies, and establishing clinically applicable biomarkers. This review provides a novel perspective on the inflammatory mechanisms underlying diabetes mellitus and its complications, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for the development of therapeutic strategies centered on modulating the cGAS-STING pathway.