Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques Open access Peer reviewed

Unified Model of Magnetoresistive Angular Position Sensors with Manufacturing Tolerances

Vladimir Čeperković, Vladimir M. Rajovic, Jelena Elez, Milan D. Prokin and 1 more

Sensors | Oct 12, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

This paper presents a unified model of magnetoresistive angular position sensors, applicable to sensors based on the three major sensor technologies: Anisotropic Magnetoresistance, Giant Magnetoresistance, and Tunnel Magnetoresistance magnetoresistive elements. Theoretical models of the three different magnetoresistive elements, including manufacturing tolerances, have been derived first. The models are then employed to derive a realistic model of a magnetoresistive measurement bridge. In order to construct a model of a magnetoresistive magnetic field direction sensor, besides bridge models, a novel model of a free ferromagnetic layer has been developed. Finally, a unified magnetoresistive angular position sensor model has been obtained by combining the magnetic field direction sensor and a simple model of a permanent magnet. The experimental results confirmed the validity of the proposed model.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Vladimir Čeperković

first | Institut Mihajlo Pupin | ORCID 0000-0002-5526-4439

Vladimir M. Rajovic

middle | University of Belgrade | ORCID 0000-0001-6881-7728

Jelena Elez

middle | University of Belgrade | ORCID 0009-0006-4992-9605

Milan D. Prokin

middle | University of Belgrade

Jelena Popović-Božović

last | University of Belgrade | ORCID 0000-0002-3853-1689

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{eperkovi2026Unified,
  title = {Unified Model of Magnetoresistive Angular Position Sensors with Manufacturing Tolerances},
  author = {Vladimir Čeperković and Vladimir M. Rajovic and Jelena Elez and Milan D. Prokin and Jelena Popović-Božović},
  journal = {Sensors},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/s26206435},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/s26206435}
}

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