Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement Open access Peer reviewed

Moderate Printed Seeding Density Improves Seedling Establishment, Population Development, and Yield Formation in Machine-Transplanted Hybrid Indica Rice

Xiaowei Shu, Tingting Wang, Rui Zhao, Kai Liu and 9 more

Agronomy | Jul 8, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Uneven seed placement in nursery trays reduces seedling uniformity and can reduce the reliability of mechanical transplanting in hybrid rice, but the optimum printed seeding density remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of printed seeding density on seed distribution, seedling quality, transplanting performance, canopy productivity and yield formation in machine-transplanted hybrid indica rice. A two-year split-plot field experiment was conducted in Xuzhou, China, using Runliangyou 313 and Yangxianyou 903. Five printed seeding densities (1400–2600 printed points tray−1) were compared with two local weight-based broadcasting controls, representing practical establishment systems rather than seed-number-matched contrasts. Moderate printed densities improved seed distribution uniformity, strengthened the seedling mat, reduced transplanting defects and supported productive tiller formation. T3 and T4 produced the highest harvested yields, increasing yield by 13.3–15.5% over the standard broadcasting control. These gains were associated with higher panicle number, greater post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and higher harvest index. The results indicate that moderate-density printed seeding can improve establishment quality and grain yield under wheat-rice rotation conditions.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Xiaowei Shu

first | Xuzhou University of Technology

Tingting Wang

middle | Xuzhou University of Technology | ORCID 0000-0002-1179-8674

Rui Zhao

middle | Xuzhou University of Technology

Kai Liu

middle | Xuzhou University of Technology | ORCID 0000-0002-5927-4327

Feng Gao

middle | Xuzhou University of Technology

L J Zhou

middle | Xuzhou University of Technology

Xi Zhang

middle | Xuzhou University of Technology | ORCID 0000-0003-3415-5345

Xiaoqing Huo

middle | Yangzhou University

Chen Chen

middle | Yangzhou University

Enwei Ma

middle | Yangzhou University

Yi-Xiang Wang

middle | Yangzhou University | ORCID 0000-0001-5697-0717

Guichun Dong

middle | Yangzhou University

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Shu2026Moderate,
  title = {Moderate Printed Seeding Density Improves Seedling Establishment, Population Development, and Yield Formation in Machine-Transplanted Hybrid Indica Rice},
  author = {Xiaowei Shu and Tingting Wang and Rui Zhao and Kai Liu and Feng Gao and L J Zhou and Xi Zhang and Xiaoqing Huo and Chen Chen and Enwei Ma and Yi-Xiang Wang and Guichun Dong and Juan Zhou},
  journal = {Agronomy},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/agronomy16141308},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16141308}
}

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