Radiation Effects and Dosimetry
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Peer reviewed
Abstract
Abstract
Electron sources constitute an important part of linear accelerators (LINACs) as they determine the initial characteristics, stability, and quality of the generated electron beam. However, conventional electron guns generally require complex vacuum systems, expensive components, and complex maintenance, limiting their availability in countries with limited resources. Therefore, developing a simple and low-cost electron source is an important step towards the expansion of the accelerator technology and supporting experimental research in such environments. This study was designed to develop, fabricate, and test a low-cost electron source using gas discharge techniques and locally available materials in Afghanistan. A combined theoretical and experimental approach was taken in the study of the basic processes of electron emission, electrostatic acceleration, and gas ionization. The prototype consisted of a cathode-anode assembly mounted in a low-pressure argon-filled glass discharge tube powered by a variable high-voltage supply. System performance was characterized by glow discharge formation, electron transport, and magnetic beam deflection under different conditions. The developed prototype successfully generated a stable glow discharge and showed evidence of electron emission, acceleration, and controlled charged-particle motion under fore-vacuum conditions. The estimated construction cost was about 2450 AFN which shows that the system can be developed with limited finances for laboratory scale applications. Although the lack of sophisticated diagnostic instruments prevented quantitative beam characterization, the prototype demonstrated the basic operating principles of an electron source. These findings provide a practical basis for future development of low-cost accelerator hardware and radiation technology research in Afghanistan and other resource-limited settings.
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@article{Hilal2026Development,
title = {Development and Preliminary Testing of a Low-Cost Electron Source Using Gas Discharge Techniques: A Case Study from Afghanistan},
author = {Mohammad Bilal Hilal and Arash Gharibi and Musa Khan Khpalwak and Noor Mohammad Azizi},
journal = {Journal of Natural Science Review},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.62810/jnsr.v4i3.555},
url = {https://doi.org/10.62810/jnsr.v4i3.555}
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