Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis Open access

A Single-Trace Surface Integral Equation Solver for Simulation of Open Bianisotropic Metasurfaces Described by Generalized Sheet Transition Conditions

Sebastian Celis Sierra, Junze Shao, Ran Zhao, Rui Chen and 2 more

arXiv (Cornell University) | Jul 22, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

A single-trace surface integral equation (SIE) solver incorporating generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) is presented for the simulation of three-dimensional (3D) open bianisotropic metasurfaces. The metasurface is modeled as an infinitesimally thin, non-enclosing sheet across which the GSTCs enforce the electromagnetic field discontinuities through four surface susceptibility tensors. The proposed solver uses a single set of equivalent surface currents on the sheet, in place of the two sets used by prior multi-trace formulations. The scattered fields on both faces of the sheet, expressed through SIE operators acting on these currents, are substituted into the GSTCs. The resulting system of equations is then discretized using Rao--Wilton--Glisson basis functions. This solver models an open metasurface directly, without an artificial closure, and applies to both planar and curved geometries. It is validated against analytical solutions for polarization rotation and perfect reflection, and is used to model a realistic broadband absorber whose susceptibility tensors are retrieved from full-wave simulation data. A direct comparison shows that the single-trace formulation attains lower error than a multi-trace formulation while using significantly fewer unknowns.

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Sebastian Celis Sierra

first

Junze Shao

middle

Ran Zhao

middle

Rui Chen

middle

Partha Mondal

middle

Hakan Bagci

last

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Sierra2026Single,
  title = {A Single-Trace Surface Integral Equation Solver for Simulation of Open Bianisotropic Metasurfaces Described by Generalized Sheet Transition Conditions},
  author = {Sebastian Celis Sierra and Junze Shao and Ran Zhao and Rui Chen and Partha Mondal and Hakan Bagci},
  journal = {arXiv (Cornell University)},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2607.20659},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.20659}
}

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