Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures

Seismic design of underground structures in soft ground: A review

Kazuhiko Kawashima

Feb 24, 2026 | 38 citations

Abstract

Abstract

A review on the seismic behavior and design of underground structures with large sections in soft ground is described with an emphasis on the development of the Seismic Deformation Method, an equivalent static seismic design method. Seismic isolation of underground structures is also presented.

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Kazuhiko Kawashima

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@article{Kawashima2026Seismic,
  title = {Seismic design of underground structures in soft ground: A review},
  author = {Kazuhiko Kawashima},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1201/9781003761952-1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003761952-1}
}

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