Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Open access

Alcohol Cues Invigorate Aversion-Resistant Alcohol Drinking

Meredith R. Bauer, Jocelyn M. Richard

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) | Jul 20, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Alcohol use disorder is characterized by continued alcohol use despite negative consequences, also known as aversion-resistant drinking. Alcohol related cues can invigorate motivation to seek and consume alcohol. It is currently unknown whether alcohol related cues can invigorate drinking despite negative consequences. Materials and Methods Long-Evans rats were trained in a discriminative stimulus (DS) task with cues predicting the available of alcohol reward. They were then tested in the task for aversion-resistant drinking by measuring consumption of alcohol adulterated with increasing concentrations of quinine. As a control for an environment free of reward-related cues, rats were also tested for aversion-resistant drinking in the home cage. Results We found that rats displayed robust aversion-resistant drinking in the DS task. When we compared alcohol consumption in the task with home cage consumption, we found that rats were more aversion-resistant in the task than in the home cage. We also found that individual differences in aversion-resistant drinking were correlated within behavioral context (i.e. home cage or DS task) but not between the home cage and the DS task. Conclusions We found that aversion-resistant drinking is invigorated during cue-induced alcohol seeking relative to free drinking without explicit cues. Home cage quinine-sensitivity is unrelated to quinine-sensitivity in the presence of cues. This suggests that cues motivate drinking despite negative consequences in a way that is unique from aversion-resistance driven by drinking history. While many behavioral measures use cues and ultimately test aversion-resistant drinking, this is the first explicit test of cue-evoked aversion-resistant drinking.

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Authors

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Meredith R. Bauer

first | University of Minnesota | ORCID 0000-0002-1690-7956

Jocelyn M. Richard

last | University of Minnesota | ORCID 0000-0001-5750-0418

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@article{Bauer2026Alcohol,
  title = {Alcohol Cues Invigorate Aversion-Resistant Alcohol Drinking},
  author = {Meredith R. Bauer and Jocelyn M. Richard},
  journal = {bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.64898/2026.07.14.738545},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.14.738545}
}

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