Banking stability, regulation, efficiency Open access Peer reviewed

Noninterest income, macroprudential policy and bank performance

Dilruba Karim, E. Philip Davis, Dennison Noel

Journal of Banking Regulation | Jul 27, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract Macroprudential policies have become crucial tools for maintaining financial stability, but their effect on banks’ noninterest income has not yet been examined. This is a paradox in light of results in the literature linking noninterest income to bank performance indicators such as risk and profitability. Using a global sample of 7395 banks over 1990–2022, we find macroprudential policies have a significant positive effect on noninterest income. Similar results are found for disaggregated samples by type of noninterest income, country development, bank size and pre and post the Global Financial Crisis, and in three robustness checks. However, stimulus from macroprudential policies to noninterest income, and especially its non-fee component, is found to adversely affect bank risk. Furthermore, while significant effects of noninterest income on profitability are generally positive, this is not the case for non-fee income. Our findings have important implications for central bankers, regulators and commercial bank management.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Dilruba Karim

first | Brunel University of London

E. Philip Davis

middle | Brunel University of London | ORCID 0000-0002-3241-8626

Dennison Noel

last | Brunel University of London

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Karim2026Noninterest,
  title = {Noninterest income, macroprudential policy and bank performance},
  author = {Dilruba Karim and E. Philip Davis and Dennison Noel},
  journal = {Journal of Banking Regulation},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1057/s41261-026-00336-y},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1057/s41261-026-00336-y}
}

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