Advanced Thermoelectric Materials and Devices Open access

Nanoscale Confinement Enables Homogeneous Growth of Sub-4 nm Bi2Te3 Nanowires

Li Shao, Gilles Wittmann, Ruomu Zhang, Matthew Spink and 3 more

ChemRxiv | Aug 10, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Homogeneous growth within ordered mesoporous templates remains difficult because strong nanoscale confinement is both poorly understood and challenging to characterise. Here, we report sub-4 nm Bi2Te3 nanostructures grown by electrodeposition within mesoporous silica thin films. Vertically aligned nanowire arrays with diameters of 3.7 nm and lengths of ~230 nm were grown in P6mm templates, while interconnected three-dimensional nanowire networks were formed in Fmmm templates with diameters of approximately 8 nm. Electron microscopy confirms homogeneous filling of both structures. Operando grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) shows that homogeneous growth proceeds through the transient coexistence of electrolyte-filled and Bi2Te3-filled mesophases. This produces characteristic Bragg peak splitting, which provides a direct structural signature of homogeneous growth within the buried pore network. The growth mechanism is independent of pore geometry and size. These findings establish a mechanistic framework for confined electrodeposition across pore architectures.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Li Shao

first | Diamond Light Source | ORCID 0000-0001-6029-5574

Gilles Wittmann

middle | University of Southampton | ORCID 0000-0003-4910-3601

Ruomu Zhang

middle | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council

Matthew Spink

middle | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council

Bohao Ding

middle | Department of Physics, Mathematics and Informatics

Jonathan Rawle

middle | Diamond Light Source | ORCID 0000-0001-8767-4443

Francesco Carlà

last | Diamond Light Source | ORCID 0000-0001-8414-9934

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Shao2026Nanoscale,
  title = {Nanoscale Confinement Enables Homogeneous Growth of Sub-4 nm Bi2Te3 Nanowires},
  author = {Li Shao and Gilles Wittmann and Ruomu Zhang and Matthew Spink and Bohao Ding and Jonathan Rawle and Francesco Carlà},
  journal = {ChemRxiv},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.26434/chemrxiv.15007243/v1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15007243/v1}
}

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