Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research Open access Peer reviewed

Reprogramming the Evolution of High-Risk Prostate Cancer: Multidisciplinary Strategies to Delay Castration Resistance

Younghun Sim, Jae Won Choi, Dong Seob Kim, Jeong Hyun Kim and 2 more

Journal of Clinical Medicine | Aug 21, 2026

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This narrative review reframes high-risk prostate cancer management as an effort to reprogram the evolutionary trajectory and delay castration resistance, addressing current risk stratification, androgen receptor (AR)-dependent and AR-independent mechanisms of resistance, and multidisciplinary strategies that modify selective pressure.

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Background/Objectives: High-risk prostate cancer is a biologically heterogeneous group of tumors carrying a substantial risk of progression to lethal, castration-resistant disease. Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the therapeutic backbone, nearly all advanced disease eventually progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) through Darwinian clonal evolution under sustained therapeutic pressure. This narrative review reframes high-risk prostate cancer management as an effort to reprogram the evolutionary trajectory and delay castration resistance, addressing current risk stratification, androgen receptor (AR)-dependent and AR-independent mechanisms of resistance, and multidisciplinary strategies that modify selective pressure. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted, including peer-reviewed studies, pivotal phase III trial reports, and current clinical practice guidelines indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to 2026. Sources on high-risk and castration-resistant prostate cancer, the biology of treatment resistance, and multidisciplinary treatment intensification were selected and synthesized. Results: Treatment intensification has been extended to high-risk biochemical recurrence (EMBARK), directed by biomarkers in PTEN-deficient disease (CAPItello-281), and moved earlier through prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radioligand therapy (PSMAfore, PSMAddition). In localized disease, effective AR-pathway intensification with abiraterone (STAMPEDE) contrasts with the failure of chemotherapy (PEACE-2) and enzalutamide (ENZARAD). Emerging therapies targeting lineage plasticity exploit its dynamic and potentially reversible biology, raising the prospect of reversing established resistance rather than merely delaying it. CAPItello-281 and PSMAddition have immature overall survival data and are not yet standard of care. Conclusions: Coordinated multidisciplinary care, matched to the disease stage and molecular context, offers a realistic path to delay castration resistance and improve survival.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Younghun Sim

first | Hanyang University Seoul Hospital

Jae Won Choi

middle | Hanyang University Seoul Hospital | ORCID 0000-0001-8780-8421

Dong Seob Kim

middle | Hanyang University Seoul Hospital

Jeong Hyun Kim

middle | Kangwon National University

Sung Goo Yoon

middle | Hanyang University Seoul Hospital | ORCID 0000-0002-3136-7935

Jung Ki Jo

last | Hanyang University | ORCID 0000-0002-6080-7493

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BibTeX

@article{Sim2026Reprogramming,
  title = {Reprogramming the Evolution of High-Risk Prostate Cancer: Multidisciplinary Strategies to Delay Castration Resistance},
  author = {Younghun Sim and Jae Won Choi and Dong Seob Kim and Jeong Hyun Kim and Sung Goo Yoon and Jung Ki Jo},
  journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/jcm15166488},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15166488}
}

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