Cross-cultural validation of the six-facet curiosity inventory (5DCR) in Iran: Psychometric evaluation and measurement invariance compared to Germany and the UK

Abstract

Abstract

Curiosity is a key psychological trait that drives exploration, learning, and social connection. The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale – Revised (5DCR) distinguishes six facets: Joyous Exploration, Deprivation Sensitivity, Stress Tolerance, Thrill Seeking, Social Curiosity-General, and Social Curiosity-Covert. While validated in Western contexts, evidence from non-Western cultures is limited. This study provides the first psychometric evaluation of the Persian 5DCR and tests measurement invariance against German and UK samples. Using the TRAPD translation protocol, the Persian 5DCR was administered to 374 Iranian adults. Factor analyses confirmed the six-factor structure, with strong item loadings. Reliability was acceptable to good across facets (α = .664-.827). Construct validity was supported through consistent correlations with Big Five traits, Schwartz's values, locus of control, life satisfaction, and religiosity. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses across Iran, Germany, and the UK (N = 1,342) showed configural and metric invariance, with partial scalar invariance across cultures and socio-demographic groups. Results demonstrate the cross-cultural robustness of the six-facet curiosity model and extend its applicability to Iran, offering a foundation for comparative research and applied use in diverse cultural settings.