Archaeological Research and Protection
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Abstract
Abstract
The illicit trafficking and historically wrongful removal of cultural property continue to undermine heritage protection and repatriation. Focusing on Indonesia, this article examines how blockchain and knowledge graphs might improve the integrity, traceability, and contextual organization of provenance information without treating technological immutability as proof of factual truth. It applies doctrinal analysis to Indonesian cultural-heritage and electronic-evidence law and critically assesses documented technical projects. The analysis finds that blockchain may help demonstrate whether a record has been altered after authorized entry, while knowledge graphs may connect heterogeneous sources and reveal relationships requiring further investigation. Neither tool independently establishes ownership, authenticity, or admissibility. Their evidentiary value depends on source authentication, identifiable and competent contributors, documented validation procedures, audit trails, mechanism for contestation , and compliance with Indonesian procedural law. A permissioned pilot linked to, but not legally equated with, the Cultural Heritage Register is therefore proposed for testing. The article contributes a conditional legal-technical model and identifies regulatory, institutional, financial, and data-governance issues that require empirical evaluation before national or cross-border deployment.
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@article{Meinarni2026Blockchain,
title = {Blockchain and Knowledge Graphs for Cultural Heritage Repatriation: Strengthening Evidentiary Frameworks under Indonesian Law},
author = {Ni Putu Suci Meinarni and I Gusti Agung Ayu Mas Aristamy and Rizkita Ayu Mutiarani},
journal = {Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.29303/ius.v14i2.1942},
url = {https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v14i2.1942}
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