Evolution and Genetic Dynamics Open access Peer reviewed

Evolutionary simulations reveal role for genomic recombination in the evolution of gene regulatory network complexity and robustness

Madison Chapel, Carl G. de Boer

Genome Biology and Evolution | Aug 5, 2026

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It is found that recombining and non-recombining populations converge to the same level of complexity, even in the absence of selection, but recombination modifies the rate at which complexity emerges, accelerating convergence to the complexity plateau in changing environments while slowing the process in static environments.

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The gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of eukaryotes are dramatically more complex than the GRNs of prokaryotes, but we lack a complete picture of the selective pressures that have shaped this difference. Here, we use a biochemically informed model of gene regulation to simulate GRN evolution and explore the role that reproductive strategy plays in shaping regulatory complexity. We find that recombining and non-recombining populations converge to the same level of complexity, even in the absence of selection. However, recombination modifies the rate at which complexity emerges, accelerating convergence to the complexity plateau in changing environments while slowing the process in static environments. Our results suggest that, rather than being under direct selection, regulatory complexity may emerge as a byproduct of other evolutionary processes. These results highlight how reproductive strategy and environmental change interact to influence evolutionary trajectories.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Madison Chapel

first | University of British Columbia | ORCID 0000-0002-2661-2916

Carl G. de Boer

last | Broad Institute | ORCID 0000-0001-8935-5921

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Chapel2026Evolutionary,
  title = {Evolutionary simulations reveal role for genomic recombination in the evolution of gene regulatory network complexity and robustness},
  author = {Madison Chapel and Carl G. de Boer},
  journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1093/gbe/evag196},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evag196}
}

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