Biochemical and biochemical processes Open access Peer reviewed

Whole-Cell Fungal Biotransformation of para-Hydroxycinnamic Acids Mediated by Phenolic Acid Decarboxylase, Carboxylic Acid Reductase and Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Abirami Baskaran, Stefano Serra, El‐Sayed R. El‐Sayed, Tomasz Tronina and 4 more

Molecules | Jul 27, 2026

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The results highlight endophytic fungi as largely untapped and versatile biocatalysts for pHCA biotransformation and establish whole-cell fungal systems as robust, non-recombinant alternatives to engineered platforms.

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Microbial biotransformation of para-hydroxycinnamic acids (pHCAs) such as para-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids into vinylphenols is catalyzed by phenolic acid decarboxylases (PADs), while reduction to their corresponding aldehydes and alcohols is mediated by carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) and alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), respectively. The present study systematically evaluated a diverse set of endophytic and basidiomycetes fungi as whole-cell biocatalysts for the transformation of pHCAs into their corresponding vinylphenols and/or aldehydes and alcohols. Twenty-three fungal strains were screened for their PAD, CAR and ADH activities. Based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD) analysis, fourteen strains were selected for preparative-scale biotransformations across all four substrates. Previous literature largely emphasizes enzyme activity or single substrates, seldom covering all four pHCAs. The strain Umbelopsis sp. JAR-T demonstrated promising biotransformation of para-coumaric acid and ferulic acid to 4-vinylphenol (28% isolated yield) and 4-vinylguaiacol (40% isolated yield), respectively, with minimal by-product formation. The results highlight endophytic fungi as largely untapped and versatile biocatalysts for pHCA biotransformation and establish whole-cell fungal systems as robust, non-recombinant alternatives to engineered platforms. This integrated screening-to-preparative workflow provides a scalable framework for the production of value-added compounds with potential applications in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

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Researchers on this paper

Abirami Baskaran

first | Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences | ORCID 0000-0002-4668-4108

Stefano Serra

middle | Tecnologie Avanzate (Italy) | ORCID 0000-0003-1280-8384

El‐Sayed R. El‐Sayed

middle | Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences | ORCID 0000-0001-7867-3801

Tomasz Tronina

middle | Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences | ORCID 0000-0002-8317-8976

Jacek Łyczko

middle | Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences | ORCID 0000-0002-8423-7296

Teresa Olejniczak

middle | Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences | ORCID 0000-0001-6156-5820

Elisabetta Brenna

middle | Politecnico di Milano | ORCID 0000-0002-1315-7248

Filip Boratyński

last | Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences | ORCID 0000-0002-3216-9527

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BibTeX

@article{Baskaran2026Whole,
  title = {Whole-Cell Fungal Biotransformation of para-Hydroxycinnamic Acids Mediated by Phenolic Acid Decarboxylase, Carboxylic Acid Reductase and Alcohol Dehydrogenase},
  author = {Abirami Baskaran and Stefano Serra and El‐Sayed R. El‐Sayed and Tomasz Tronina and Jacek Łyczko and Teresa Olejniczak and Elisabetta Brenna and Filip Boratyński},
  journal = {Molecules},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/molecules31152609},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31152609}
}

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