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Tackling the Algorithmic Control Crisis -- the Technical, Legal, and Ethical Challenges of Research into Algorithmic Agents

Balázs Bodó, Natali Helberger, Kristina Irion, K Zuiderveen Borgesius and 4 more

UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) | Oct 29, 2025 | 134 citations

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This paper will contribute to the discussion on the relative merits, costs and benefits of different approaches to ethically and legally sound research on algorithmic governance, and argue that besides shedding light on how users interact with algorithmic agents, it needs to be able to understand how different methods of monitoring the authors' algorithmically controlled digital environments compare to each other in terms of costs and benefits.

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Algorithmic agents permeate every instant of our online existence. Based on our digital profiles built from the massive surveillance of our digital existence, algorithmic agents rank search results, filter our emails, hide and show news items on social networks feeds, try to guess what products we might buy next for ourselves and for others, what movies we want to watch, and when we might be pregnant. Algorithmic agents select, filter, and recommend products, information, and people. Increasingly, algorithmic agents don't just select from the range of human created alternatives, but also they create. Burgeoning algorithmic agents are capable of providing us with content made just for us, and engage with us through one-of-a-kind, personalized interactions. Studying these algorithmic agents presents a host of methodological, ethical, and logistical challenges. The objectives of our paper are two-fold. The first aim is to describe one possible approach to researching the individual and societal effects of algorithmic recommenders, and to share our experiences with the academic community. The second is to contribute to a more fundamental discussion about the ethical and legal issues of "tracking the trackers", as well as the costs and trade-offs involved. Our paper will contribute to the discussion on the relative merits, costs and benefits of different approaches to ethically and legally sound research on algorithmic governance. We will argue that besides shedding light on how users interact with algorithmic agents, we also need to be able to understand how different methods of monitoring our algorithmically controlled digital environments compare to each other in terms of costs and benefits. We conclude our article with a number of concrete suggestions for how to address the practical, ethical and legal challenges of researching algorithms and their effects on users and society.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Balázs Bodó

first | ORCID 0000-0001-5623-5448

Natali Helberger

middle | ORCID 0000-0003-1652-0580

Kristina Irion

middle | ORCID 0000-0003-4151-1520

K Zuiderveen Borgesius

middle

Judith Möller

middle

Nadine Bol

middle | ORCID 0000-0002-6895-9512

B van Es

middle

Claes H. de Vreese

last | ORCID 0000-0002-4962-1698

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Bod2025Tackling,
  title = {Tackling the Algorithmic Control Crisis -- the Technical, Legal, and Ethical Challenges of Research into Algorithmic Agents},
  author = {Balázs Bodó and Natali Helberger and Kristina Irion and K Zuiderveen Borgesius and Judith Möller and Nadine Bol and B van Es and Claes H. de Vreese},
  journal = {UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2510.25337},
  url = {https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/tackling-the-algorithmic-control-crisis--the-technical-legal-and-ethical-challenges-of-research-into-algorithmic-agents(0a81d193-a428-4d98-8feb-8a5d5f4e7315).html}
}

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