Electrochemical Oxidation of Chlorination By-Products in Swimming Pool Water

Abstract

Abstract

Reactions between nitrogen-containing compounds and free chlorine in swimming pools produce several undesirable by-products, with trichloramine (TCA) being especially problematic due to its odor and hazardous properties, causing respiratory symptoms and skin and eye irritation for swimmers and personnel. To address this issue, this study investigates electrochemical oxidation as a potential technique for reducing TCA concentrations in various pool water environments. Specifically, the results show that electrolysis, using a mixed metal oxide (MMO) electrode as the anode, affects the amount of free chlorine and significantly reduces TCA in synthetic pool water containing urea and sodium hypochlorite. This approach is further validated in large-scale systems with real swimming pool water. In two long-term experiments, TCA released from the pool water falls from a baseline of 1.42 mg/m3 to 0.94 mg/m3 in a 680 m3 pool, a reduction of 34% (p<0.001), and from 0.77 mg/m3 to 0.35 mg/m3 in an 85 m3 pool, a reduction of 55% (p<0.001). Water from a third pool was used to map the potential dependence. Importantly, the anode potential is critical for TCA reduction, with 1.8 V vs. RHE identified as optimal and a working window of 1.7–1.9 V. The system operates at approximately 1 A/m2 and 2 W/m2. Overall, this electrolysis process reduces the trichloramine burden of swimming pool water, which is expected to lower airborne trichloramine in swimming halls and thereby improve conditions for users and personnel.