Forest Biomass Utilization and Management Open access Peer reviewed

An Agent-Based Simulation of Truck Fleet Operations to Supply a Biorefinery Year-Round

Jonathan P. Resop, John S. Cundiff

Logistics | Aug 3, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Background: The cost to operate a truck fleet to haul feedstock from satellite storage locations (SSLs) to a biorefinery is typically more than 30% of the logistics cost. The use of central control can minimize truck wait times and maximize truck productivity (Mg hauled per day). Methods: An agent-based model, developed in Python 3.12.7, simulated truck hauling operations and SSL loading operations at a 1 min time step for each day in a six-day workweek over a 48-week hauling season for a theoretical biorefinery centered in Gretna, VA, USA. Several truck and SSL operational parameters included stochastic components to allow for random variability (e.g., drive speed and loading rate). Results: The theoretical minimum fleet, assuming no unproductive time, was 6 trucks. Assuming realistic delays, a fleet of 13 trucks could supply the biorefinery with one unloading operation, but unproductive time was over 50% of the hauling day. Conclusions: By adding a second unloading operation at the biorefinery, average truck idle time was reduced, and a fleet of 8 trucks could achieve the same average truck productivity with total unproductive time reduced to about 20% of the total truck fleet operating time.

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Jonathan P. Resop

first | University of Maryland, College Park | ORCID 0000-0002-9534-2518

John S. Cundiff

last | Virginia Tech | ORCID 0000-0002-5884-3241

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Resop2026Agent,
  title = {An Agent-Based Simulation of Truck Fleet Operations to Supply a Biorefinery Year-Round},
  author = {Jonathan P. Resop and John S. Cundiff},
  journal = {Logistics},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/logistics10080176},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics10080176}
}

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