A motoneuron discharge–driven interface realizing simultaneous and proportional control of prosthetics in end-users

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Accurate decoding of movement intent from muscle signals is essential for dexterous prosthetic control. While motoneuron discharge decomposition provides a promising approach, most studies are confined to proof-of-concept demonstrations due to the lack of robust, dexterous control strategies, and the complexity of systems involved. Here, we present a motoneuron discharge-driven interface that integrates wireless recording of high-density surface electromyography, real-time motoneuron spike train decomposition, continuous multi-degree-of-freedom (DoF) motion decoding in a prosthetic system, enabling simultaneous and proportional myoelectric control in real-world settings. We validated this system with six trans-radial amputees across a series of functional multi-DoF tasks. The proposed interface achieved accurate and robust control of three-DoF wrist and hand movements, outperforming conventional myoelectric methods in task efficiency. Furthermore, the interface requires only single-DoF calibration data, minimizing user training burden. This study represents the practical demonstration of motoneuron-driven interfacing in end-user applications, highlighting its translational potential for clinical adoption.