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Salivary Apelin Levels and Periodontal Findings in Individuals With/Without Type 1 Diabetes and Varying Degrees of Gingival Inflammation

Demet Efe, Andressa Vilas Boas Nogueira, Mehmet Demirbaş, Timur Köse and 3 more

Oral Diseases | Aug 20, 2026

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The observed trend toward higher salivary apelin levels in patients with type 1 diabetes may suggest a possible association that requires confirmation in larger cohorts, and is suggested to suggest a possible association that requires confirmation in larger cohorts.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate salivary apelin levels in individuals with and without type 1 diabetes presenting an intact periodontium and varying degrees of plaque-induced gingival inflammation. METHODS: Saliva samples were collected; and whole-mouth clinical periodontal measurements were recorded in type 1 diabetes and systemically healthy participants. Salivary apelin concentrations were determined using ELISA. Data were analysed statistically using the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality of distribution, the Mann-Whitney U test for intergroup differences, and Spearman's rank correlation analysis to assess correlations between clinical and biochemical parameters. RESULTS: A total of 99 participants; including 59 individuals in the type 1 diabetes group and 40 in the systemically healthy were included. The two groups were similar in terms of age, gender distribution, and smoking status (p > 0.05). The salivary apelin concentration in the diabetic group (4647.13 ± 8584.45 pg/mL) was almost twice that in the systemically healthy group (2704.12 ± 3006.73 pg/mL) without statistically significant difference (0.114). Clinical periodontal measurements were similar between the two groups (p > 0.05). Neither gender nor smoking status had a significant effect on apelin levels (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, the observed trend toward higher salivary apelin levels in patients with type 1 diabetes may suggest a possible association that requires confirmation in larger cohorts.

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Demet Efe

first | Ege University | ORCID 0009-0005-2447-5371

Andressa Vilas Boas Nogueira

middle | Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz | ORCID 0000-0002-2756-5947

Mehmet Demirbaş

middle | Ege University

Timur Köse

middle | Ege University | ORCID 0000-0002-5238-9738

Sebahat Kaya

middle | Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz

James Deschner

middle | Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz | ORCID 0000-0001-8103-1885

Nurcan Buduneli

last | Ege University | ORCID 0000-0002-1590-5801

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BibTeX

@article{Efe2026Salivary,
  title = {Salivary Apelin Levels and Periodontal Findings in Individuals With/Without Type 1 Diabetes and Varying Degrees of Gingival Inflammation},
  author = {Demet Efe and Andressa Vilas Boas Nogueira and Mehmet Demirbaş and Timur Köse and Sebahat Kaya and James Deschner and Nurcan Buduneli},
  journal = {Oral Diseases},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1111/odi.70467},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.70467}
}

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