Intestinal and Peritoneal Adhesions Open access Peer reviewed

Targeting HCK in M1 macrophages alleviates postoperative abdominal adhesions by suppressing NF-κB/IL6 axis-driven mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Enmeng Li, Tianli Shen, Gan Li, Yiwei Ren and 7 more

Cell Death and Disease | Aug 21, 2026

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It is demonstrated that targeting HCK in M1 macrophages alleviates postoperative abdominal adhesions by suppressing NF-κB/IL6 axis-driven MMT, providing a new target and available strategy for the prevention of PAAs.

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Abstract Postoperative abdominal adhesions (PAAs) are the result of excessive or prolonged inflammation. M1 macrophages are the primary producers of proinflammatory cytokines; however, their direct contribution to PAAs and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. The results of our previous study and public database analysis revealed that peritoneal injury induced M1 macrophage infiltration with specific hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) upregulation. In vivo HCK inhibition reduced M1 macrophage accumulation in peritoneal injury. Accordingly, in vitro, HCK inhibitors and HCK knockout suppressed M1 macrophage polarization by downregulating the NF-κB pathway. Transwell and FITC-gelatin degradation assay confirmed that HCK deficiency abolished macrophage migration and invasion by disrupting podosome assembly. Furthermore, the causal role of M1 macrophages in PAAs was confirmed by abdominal macrophage depletion and adoptive transfer. M1 macrophage HCK orchestrated the IL6-driven proadhesive mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) via the NF-κB pathway. Finally, perioperative HCK inhibition was verified to alleviate PAA formation through the suppression of MMT-derived myofibroblast transition. Overall, we demonstrated that targeting HCK in M1 macrophages alleviates postoperative abdominal adhesions by suppressing NF-κB/IL6 axis-driven MMT, providing a new target and available strategy for the prevention of PAAs.

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Enmeng Li

first | First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University | ORCID 0000-0002-7801-0116

Tianli Shen

middle | First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University

Gan Li

middle | First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University

Yiwei Ren

middle | Henan Cancer Hospital | ORCID 0000-0002-6121-3486

Junxiang Zhang

middle | First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University | ORCID 0009-0003-2561-7656

Pengwei Zhao

middle | First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University

Kai Deng

middle | First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University | ORCID 0000-0002-9973-8130

Yanjun Sun

middle | First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University

Jie Lian

middle | First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University | ORCID 0000-0003-3538-7746

Zhengdong Jiang

middle | First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University | ORCID 0000-0003-0234-5478

Xuqi Li

last | First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University | ORCID 0000-0002-2497-020X

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BibTeX

@article{Li2026Targeting,
  title = {Targeting HCK in M1 macrophages alleviates postoperative abdominal adhesions by suppressing NF-κB/IL6 axis-driven mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition},
  author = {Enmeng Li and Tianli Shen and Gan Li and Yiwei Ren and Junxiang Zhang and Pengwei Zhao and Kai Deng and Yanjun Sun and Jie Lian and Zhengdong Jiang and Xuqi Li},
  journal = {Cell Death and Disease},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1038/s41419-026-09206-x},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-026-09206-x}
}

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