Comparative Export Performance of Rice, Wheat, and Maize: An Indian Perspective

Abstract

Abstract

India’s agricultural sector contributes to food security, rural employment, and foreign-exchange earnings, while cereals form an important component of the country’s export basket. This study assessed the export performance of rice, wheat, and maize from India during 2020–21 to 2023–24. A descriptive and analytical research design was adopted using secondary data from APEDA, DGCI&S, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, and related government publications. Export quantity, export value, destination patterns, and year-to-year changes were examined using standardised units and percentage-change analysis. The results showed clear differences among the three commodities. Rice remained the most stable and prominent cereal export, supported by continued demand for Basmati and non-Basmati varieties, although policy measures affected non-Basmati shipments in the final year. Wheat exports increased sharply in 2021–22 but declined substantially after the introduction of export restrictions, demonstrating their sensitivity to domestic food-security and policy considerations. Maize exports initially expanded but subsequently contracted as domestic industrial demand and international competition intensified. Destination analysis indicated that India’s cereal trade depends on a combination of neighbouring, West Asian, African, and Southeast Asian markets. The study concludes that improved storage and logistics, consistent export policies, stronger quality standards, and broader market diversification may enhance the reliability and competitiveness of India’s cereal exports. The findings provide a concise commodity-wise comparison for recent policy and trade assessment.