Effect of Relative Substitution of Nanomaterials (Pb, Mg) on the Structural and Electrical Properties of the Superconductor Compound Bi₂₋ₓPbₓBa₂₋ᵧMgᵧCa₂Cu₃O₁₀₋δ

Abstract

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of Pb and Mg substitution on the structural and electrical residences of the Bi–Ba–Ca–Cu–O superconducting machine. Four compositions with different Pb/Mg contents have been investigated: x = 0, y = 0; x = 0.5, y = 0.5; x = 0.1, y = 0.3; and x = 0.1, y = 0.5. The structural homes had been tested the usage of X-ray diffraction (XRD), with particular attention to diffraction-peak function, d-spacing, relative depth, complete width at 1/2 most (FWHM), apparent crystallite size, and microstrain. The XRD patterns show that changes in Pb/Mg content are accompanied through shifts inside the major diffraction top and variations in top broadening and relative depth. The strongest diffraction peak was observed at 29.3177°, 29.2985°, 29.4832°, and 29.2225° in 2θ for x = 0, y = 0; x = 0.5, y = 0.5; x = 0.1, y = 0.3; and x = 0.1, y = 0.5, respectively. The corresponding d-spacings were 3.04390, 3.04585, 3.02719, and 3.05360 Å. The peak-specific apparent crystallite sizes were 402, 415, 429, and 396 Å, respectively. The profile-fitting results also varied with composition, with Rwp values of 0.06309, 0.05352, 0.05250, and 0.06258, respectively. The surface morphology exhibited noticeable changes in the distribution of elevated regions and valleys with variation in Pb/Mg content. Electrical transition measurements gave midpoint critical-temperature values of 122.00 K, 140.35 K, 96.75 K, and 96.85 K for the four compositions, respectively. The highest calculated Tc(mid) was obtained for x = 0.5, y = 0.5. The results indicate that Pb/Mg substitution influences both the structural characteristics and the electrical transition behavior of the Bi-based superconducting system.