Meat and Animal Product Quality Open access Peer reviewed

Discoloration Mechanisms in Vacuum-Packaged Beef

Johannes Krell, Alejandro Poveda‐Arteaga, Jochen Weiß, Nino Terjung and 1 more

Applied Sciences | Oct 26, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of meat color in vacuum-packaged beef, focusing on intrinsic and extrinsic discoloration mechanisms throughout the whole beef production process. The review describes fundamental knowledge about wet-aging, vacuum-packaging, meat color, consumer acceptance, and postmortem metabolism. It also explains the intrinsic discoloration mechanisms, involving various chemical and biochemical oxidizing processes of myoglobin. These mechanisms are also influenced by muscle type and composition. Further, extrinsic discoloration mechanisms. These mechanisms include microbiology, slaughtering, vacuum packaging and its application, and storage. This review summarizes all fundamentals necessary to understand the biochemistry of meat color and provides a comprehensive overview of possible discoloration mechanisms and causes in beef. The knowledge acquired is applied to the vacuum-packaged beef production chain and offers valuable insights for developing effective prevention strategies. Important findings are that the extrinsic factors are currently easier to influence than intrinsic factors. There are knowledge gaps in relation to discoloration and mitochondrial metabolism, reducing systems of meat, and oxygen concentration in packaging. Also, the influence of the microbiome on discoloration and postmortem metabolism of the meat and the influence of the living conditions and feed on color-stabilizing intrinsic factors of the meat should be further investigated.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Johannes Krell

first | University of Hohenheim | ORCID 0009-0004-6604-3393

Alejandro Poveda‐Arteaga

middle | German Institute of Food Technologies

Jochen Weiß

middle | University of Hohenheim | ORCID 0000-0003-1669-1507

Nino Terjung

middle | German Institute of Food Technologies | ORCID 0000-0003-0668-0644

Monika Gibis

last | University of Hohenheim | ORCID 0000-0003-3386-6719

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Krell2026Discoloration,
  title = {Discoloration Mechanisms in Vacuum-Packaged Beef},
  author = {Johannes Krell and Alejandro Poveda‐Arteaga and Jochen Weiß and Nino Terjung and Monika Gibis},
  journal = {Applied Sciences},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/app162110579},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110579}
}

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