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Cultivar-Dependent Biosynthesis, Sustainable Recovery, and Industrial Applications of Tomato-Derived Carotenoids

Hansol Kim, Byungwoon Goo, Seunghee Kim, Hee‐Jin Kang and 2 more

Plants | Aug 1, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) exhibits extensive cultivar diversity in fruit morphology, color, and bioactive compounds. These are closely associated with genetic background, ripening stage, and carotenoid metabolic regulation. Carotenoids, especially lycopene and β-carotene, are major determinants of tomato coloration and are also nutritionally and industrially important high-value-added antioxidants. Carotenoid profiles are regulated by changes in related biosynthetic pathways, including precursor supply, desaturation, isomerization, and cyclization. Key genes such as PSY1, CRTISO, LCY-B and LCY-E play central roles in carotenoid synthesis and accumulation, thereby determining color phenotypes. Mutations and genome-editing (CRISPR/Cas9) approaches can modify carotenoid metabolic flux and develop cultivars with improved nutritional traits. Furthermore, advanced and sustainable recovery strategies for carotenoids (ultrasound-, microwave-, enzyme-, high-pressure-, deep eutectic solvent-, and supercritical fluid-assisted extraction methods) have been developed for efficient pigment extraction. In this review, we compare the physiological and molecular characteristics of diverse cultivars and traits of advanced bioprocesses in terms of carotenoid extraction efficiency and solvent safety. Finally, we discuss various encapsulation techniques that improve product stability and storage performance in industrial applications. Taken together, we review practical strategies combining cultivar-based carotenoid production, sustainable recovery, and product stabilization.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Hansol Kim

first | Sangmyung University | ORCID 0000-0001-9361-1289

Byungwoon Goo

middle | Sangmyung University

Seunghee Kim

middle | Sangmyung University | ORCID 0009-0002-6244-8225

Hee‐Jin Kang

middle | Sangmyung University | ORCID 0000-0002-7194-9307

Jang‐Seu Ki

middle | Sangmyung University | ORCID 0000-0002-6007-9262

Hah Young Yoo

last | Sangmyung University | ORCID 0000-0001-6701-6654

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Kim2026Cultivar,
  title = {Cultivar-Dependent Biosynthesis, Sustainable Recovery, and Industrial Applications of Tomato-Derived Carotenoids},
  author = {Hansol Kim and Byungwoon Goo and Seunghee Kim and Hee‐Jin Kang and Jang‐Seu Ki and Hah Young Yoo},
  journal = {Plants},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/plants15152371},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15152371}
}

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