Muscle metabolism and nutrition Peer reviewed

Creatine Supplementation on Cognition in Young and Old Active Females

Edimar Oliveira, Rafael Pereira, Scott C. Forbes, Darren Glenn Candow and 2 more

Biological Research For Nursing | Nov 2, 2026

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Across this exploratory, multi-domain battery, CrM supplementation was associated with improvements in several cognitive parameters in both age groups compared to placebo, most consistently in visual and auditory reaction times, inhibitory control, and working memory.

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BackgroundCreatine monohydrate supplementation (CrM) has been shown to increase brain creatine levels, which may augment brain bioenergetics and improve cognitive functioning over time. However, whether creatine-mediated cognitive benefits are age-dependent remains unclear.AimThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CrM on measures of cognitive functioning in young and older women.MethodsForty-eight women (26 young, 22 old) were randomly assigned to 28-day CrM supplementation (3 grams/day) or placebo. Cognitive functioning was assessed using a battery of tests before and after supplementation. Inferential and Bayesian analyses were applied for group comparisons. The between-group comparisons were carried out using a linear mixed model with groups as fixed factors and estimated daily creatine consumption as a random factor, since there were significant differences among groups in estimated daily creatine consumption at baseline. The significance level was set as p < 0.05. The Bayesian analysis checked the magnitude of the evidence.ResultsAcross this exploratory, multi-domain battery, CrM supplementation was associated with improvements in several cognitive parameters in both age groups compared to placebo, most consistently in visual and auditory reaction times, inhibitory control, and working memory. These frequentist findings were corroborated by moderate-to-extreme Bayesian evidence in a subset of comparisons, particularly among older females, suggesting a possible role for CrM in mitigating age-related cognitive decline that warrants confirmation in future, hypothesis-driven trials.SummaryThese findings demonstrate the potential cognitive benefits of low-dose CrM supplementation in women across age groups and highlight the greater cognitive responses in older females.

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Edimar Oliveira

first | Universidade Iguaçu

Rafael Pereira

middle | Southwest Bahia State University | ORCID 0000-0003-1800-1450

Scott C. Forbes

middle | Brandon University | ORCID 0000-0001-6896-5552

Darren Glenn Candow

middle | University of Regina | ORCID 0000-0002-6655-4482

Lawert M. Pires

middle | Universidade Iguaçu

Marco Machado

last | Fundação Universitária de Itaperuna | ORCID 0000-0001-6364-6798

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@article{Oliveira2026Creatine,
  title = {Creatine Supplementation on Cognition in Young and Old Active Females},
  author = {Edimar Oliveira and Rafael Pereira and Scott C. Forbes and Darren Glenn Candow and Lawert M. Pires and Marco Machado},
  journal = {Biological Research For Nursing},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1177/10998004261500758},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/10998004261500758}
}

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