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Chloride-Ion Batteries: Evolution of Electrolyte Systems and the Promise of Polymer-Based Conductors

P. Jayaraman, Bantie Yasabu Mekonen, Biruk Bezabeh Yimam, Masashi Kotobuki

Functional Materials Letters | Jul 31, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

The development of solid-state electrolytes represents a significant research focus in energy density, promising substantial improvements in safety and performance. This approach is particularly advantageous for chloride-ion batteries (CIBs), where the dissolution of electrode materials in conventional liquid electrolytes constitutes a persistent and critical challenge. In this regard, a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) with its liquid components immobilized and stabilized by a solid matrix, capable of retaining almost all the advantageous natures of the liquid electrolytes and circumventing the interfacial issues that exist in the all-solid-state electrolytes, is of great significance to realize rechargeable batteries with an extended working temperature range. In this paper, we focus on developing a gel polymer electrolyte for a chloride-ion battery using ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) plastcizers. The suitable ratio of EC and PC is determined based on the ionic conductivity and activation energy of the GPE membrane. The optimized GPE shows an activation energy of 0.22 eV and a conductivity of 8.99 × 10 -4 S cm -1 .

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

P. Jayaraman

first | ORCID 0000-0001-5196-7818

Bantie Yasabu Mekonen

middle

Biruk Bezabeh Yimam

middle | ORCID 0000-0001-9034-4971

Masashi Kotobuki

last | ORCID 0000-0001-7335-3833

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Jayaraman2026Chloride,
  title = {Chloride-Ion Batteries: Evolution of Electrolyte Systems and the Promise of Polymer-Based Conductors},
  author = {P. Jayaraman and Bantie Yasabu Mekonen and Biruk Bezabeh Yimam and Masashi Kotobuki},
  journal = {Functional Materials Letters},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1142/s1793604726510288},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793604726510288}
}

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