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Fabricated citations: an audit across 2·5 million biomedical papers

Maxim Topaz, Nir Roguin, Pallavi Gupta, Zhihong Zhang and 1 more

The Lancet | May 1, 2026 | 27 citations

Abstract

Abstract

Scientific literature depends on the integrity of its references. Each reference implicitly asserts that a verifiable source exists and supports the claims being made. When references point to non-existent studies, readers, reviewers, and policy makers are unable to evaluate the evidence.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Maxim Topaz

first | Columbia University Irving Medical Center | ORCID 0000-0002-2358-9837

Nir Roguin

middle | Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

Pallavi Gupta

middle | Columbia University | ORCID 0000-0002-1588-7113

Zhihong Zhang

middle | Columbia University | ORCID 0000-0002-9948-8936

Laura-Maria Peltonen

last | Turku University of Applied Sciences

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Topaz2026Fabricated,
  title = {Fabricated citations: an audit across 2·5 million biomedical papers},
  author = {Maxim Topaz and Nir Roguin and Pallavi Gupta and Zhihong Zhang and Laura-Maria Peltonen},
  journal = {The Lancet},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00603-3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00603-3}
}

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