Methodological Foundations for Teaching the Python Programming Language in the Context of Transition to a 12-Year Education System

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The article examines current methods and approaches to teaching Python programming within the framework of the 12-year school education reform. Particular attention is paid to the continuity of learning, the implementation of the modular-nest (modular-socket) approach, the use of Singaporean educational technologies, and the integration of artificial intelligence into the educational process. The article proposes a step-by-step strategy for the development of digital competencies from grades 5 to 12. The author substantiates the necessity of transitioning from fragmented algorithmic studies to a systemic mastery of Python as a universal tool for scientific inquiry. The work describes in detail the mechanism for implementing the modular-nest approach, which allows for structuring educational material into logically complete blocks, ensuring flexibility in the educational trajectory. The effectiveness of Singaporean cooperative learning strategies, such as "Manage Mats" and "Simultaneous Rally Table," is analyzed in the context of group software development and the enhancement of pair programming skills. Special emphasis is placed on the use of AI tools (generative models and intelligent tutors) to personalize assignments and automate syntax error checking, which significantly reduces the cognitive load on junior students. The proposed strategy for building digital competencies is based on the principle of concentric complexity: from visual modeling in grades 5–6 to projects in Data Science and machine learning in the senior level. The practical significance of the research lies in the development of methodological recommendations that facilitate the smooth adaptation of students to the demands of the high-tech labor market and the formation of sustainable algorithmic thinking skills amidst the transformation of the national education system.