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Seeing the Invisible: Reimagining Early Christian Architecture Through Digital Models—Materiality, Interpretation, and Public Interaction

Angelo Passuello, Matteo Bigongiari, R. Ferretti, Apostolos Sarris

Heritage | Sep 10, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Digital survey and three-dimensional modelling have become central tools for the documentation and interpretation of architectural heritage, yet their epistemic role in the study of early Christian architecture still requires critical assessment. This article examines three early Christian sacella in northern Italy—Sante Teuteria e Tosca in Verona, Santa Maria Mater Domini in Vicenza, and San Prosdocimo in Padua—in order to evaluate how digital models can support architectural analysis without replacing direct engagement with the material monument. The study combines terrestrial laser scanning, photographic documentation, point-cloud processing, orthophotos, and architectural drawings to investigate masonry evidence, spatial organisation, roofing traces, and volumetric relationships. The results show that digital models make it possible to compare architectural elements that are difficult to observe simultaneously on site, especially in relation to construction sequences, domed spaces, subsidiary vaulted compartments, and traces of earlier phases. At the same time, the analysis demonstrates that digital visibility remains partial, since material presence, light, scale, and bodily experience cannot be fully reproduced in a virtual environment. The article argues that digital models are most valuable when understood as interpretative mediators: tools that extend observation, support comparison, and encourage renewed attention to the architectural fabric itself.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Angelo Passuello

first | University of Cyprus | ORCID 0000-0003-4075-0511

Matteo Bigongiari

middle | University of Florence | ORCID 0000-0001-6178-4564

R. Ferretti

middle | University of Florence | ORCID 0000-0002-1985-2145

Apostolos Sarris

last | University of Cyprus | ORCID 0000-0001-6071-4767

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Passuello2026Seeing,
  title = {Seeing the Invisible: Reimagining Early Christian Architecture Through Digital Models—Materiality, Interpretation, and Public Interaction},
  author = {Angelo Passuello and Matteo Bigongiari and R. Ferretti and Apostolos Sarris},
  journal = {Heritage},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/heritage9090365},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9090365}
}

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