Antifungal resistance and susceptibility Open access Peer reviewed

Mitochondrial characteristics of echinocandin tolerance and resistance in Candida glabrata and Candida krusei

X W Peng, Li Zhang, Mingwei Du, Quan Yuan and 6 more

Frontiers in Microbiology | Jul 27, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Background Candidiasis, especially candidemia, is one of the most common invasive fungal infections. With the increase of risk factors such as tumors, its high incidence and high mortality rate pose a significant challenge to public health. Echinocandins, as first-line drugs for candidemia, have their clinical efficacy severely weakened by the emergence of tolerant or resistant strains such as Candida glabrata and Candida krusei . Methods The study evaluated the changes in mitochondrial phenotype (intracellular ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial superoxide levels, and intracellular ROS levels), proteomic, metabolomic, and genomic in C. glabrata and C. krusei . Results By analyzing strains with different susceptibility profiles, the study found that echinocandin tolerant or resistant strains displayed significant upregulation of ATP levels and unique metabolic adaptations. Quantitative proteomics identified differentially expressed proteins associated with mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. Metabolomic analysis further revealed distinct profiles linking resistance to alterations in purine metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, genomic sequencing of the resistant strains highlighted mutations in key genes involved in ATP binding. Conclusion These findings highlight the mitochondrial characteristics in echinocandin tolerance and resistance in C. glabrata and C. krusei , providing valuable insights into potential pathways for future therapeutic interventions targeting resistant Candida species.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

X W Peng

first | Nantong University

Li Zhang

middle | Ministry of Education Science and Technology | ORCID 0000-0001-7506-8278

Mingwei Du

middle | Ministry of Education Science and Technology

Quan Yuan

middle | Ministry of Education Science and Technology

Haiyang He

middle | Ministry of Education Science and Technology | ORCID 0000-0002-6203-5490

Xiaochun Xue

middle | 117th Hospital of People's Liberation Army

Wanqing Liao

middle | Ministry of Education Science and Technology | ORCID 0000-0003-4454-5988

Y N Ma

middle | Nantong University

Weihua Pan

middle | Ministry of Education Science and Technology

Liuyang Cai

last | Ministry of Education Science and Technology

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Peng2026Mitochondrial,
  title = {Mitochondrial characteristics of echinocandin tolerance and resistance in Candida glabrata and Candida krusei},
  author = {X W Peng and Li Zhang and Mingwei Du and Quan Yuan and Haiyang He and Xiaochun Xue and Wanqing Liao and Y N Ma and Weihua Pan and Liuyang Cai},
  journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1906168},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1906168}
}

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