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Homogenized chlorine distribution for >27% power conversion efficiency in perovskite solar cells

Zhuang Xiong, Qian Zhang, Kai Cai, Haitao Zhou and 7 more

Science | Nov 6, 2025 | 91 citations

Abstract

Abstract

The spatial heterogeneity of halogen distribution in perovskite thin films represents a critical factor currently limiting both the power conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells. We identified pronounced through-film inhomogeneity in chlorine distribution in formamidinium lead iodide films, with the generally used additive methylammonium chloride. We demonstrated that incorporating alkali metal oxalates could effectively homogenize the chlorine distribution. These compounds underwent thermal dissociation, releasing alkali metal cations that selectively bound chloride ions, which considerably suppressed surface defects and eliminated interfacial barriers. A certified steady-state power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.2% (device area and measured mask area: 0.108 square cm and 0.074 square cm, respectively) in perovskite solar cells was achieved, and devices retained 86.3% of their initial PCE after 1529 hours of continuous maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under 1 Sun condition. Moreover, the unpassivated device maintained 82.8% of its original PCE under MPPT at 85°C aging under 1 Sun illumination after 1000 hours.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Zhuang Xiong

first | Institute of Semiconductors | ORCID 0000-0001-9827-9473

Qian Zhang

middle | Institute of Semiconductors | ORCID 0000-0001-5975-9781

Kai Cai

middle | Institute of Semiconductors | ORCID 0000-0002-4112-606X

Haitao Zhou

middle | Institute of Semiconductors | ORCID 0000-0002-4885-8888

Qi Song

middle | Institute of Semiconductors | ORCID 0000-0002-1167-871X

Zhaoyang Han

middle | Institute of Semiconductors | ORCID 0000-0002-9959-1677

S. Kang

middle | Soochow University

Yaowen Li

middle | Soochow University | ORCID 0000-0001-7229-582X

Qi Jiang

middle | Institute of Semiconductors | ORCID 0000-0001-7122-3664

Xingwang Zhang

middle | Institute of Semiconductors | ORCID 0000-0001-7873-5566

Jingbi You

last | Institute of Semiconductors | ORCID 0000-0002-4651-9081

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Xiong2025Homogenized,
  title = {Homogenized chlorine distribution for >27% power conversion efficiency in perovskite solar cells},
  author = {Zhuang Xiong and Qian Zhang and Kai Cai and Haitao Zhou and Qi Song and Zhaoyang Han and S. Kang and Yaowen Li and Qi Jiang and Xingwang Zhang and Jingbi You},
  journal = {Science},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1126/science.adw8780},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adw8780}
}

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