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Gene-metabolite networks reveal physiological trade-offs but not transcriptional co-regulation between carotenoids and dry matter in cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) roots

Seren S. Villwock, Kiara Madelaine Moreira Gómez, Tara Fish, J G Lee and 5 more

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) | Jul 17, 2026

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Genetic, spatial, and developmental variation in cassava storage roots implicate cis-carotenes, but not direct transcriptional regulation of the carotenoid and starch pathways, in the trade-off between carotenoids and dry matter.

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Provitamin A biofortification of cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) is constrained by a negative genetic correlation between total carotenoid (TC) and dry matter (DM) contents, but its underlying biological mechanism remains unclear. We examined this relationship in 24 African, Latin American, and hybrid cassava genotypes by measuring gene expression and metabolites in inner and outer storage root layers that varied spatially in carotenoid accumulation, enabling comparisons across and within genotypes. TC, and particularly upstream cis-carotenes, were negatively associated with DM after accounting for genotype, and this relationship strengthened across developmental timepoints, consistent with a physiological component of the trade-off. Gene-metabolite co-expression networks constructed from genetic, non-genetic, and overall phenotypic trait components showed no significant topological overlap between carotenoid- and starch-related gene sets, indicating that the TC/DM relationship is not driven by transcriptional co-regulation of the main pathways, although individual associations between carotenoids and carbohydrate-related genes suggested possible indirect metabolic links. Instead, TC accumulation was most strongly associated with regulatory, stress-, redox-, and plastid-related genes, enriched for heme-binding and oxidoreductase functions. These findings suggest that the TC/DM trade-off is not a fixed constraint, and identify candidate regulators of carotenoid content for future functional validation to support cassava provitamin A biofortification.

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Seren S. Villwock

first | Cornell University | ORCID 0000-0003-4137-2698

Kiara Madelaine Moreira Gómez

middle | Cornell University | ORCID 0009-0005-2299-272X

Tara Fish

middle | Agricultural Research Service | ORCID 0000-0002-6018-2438

J G Lee

middle | Cornell University

Ailene Doherty

middle | Cornell University

Adrian White

middle | Cornell University

Theodore W. Thannhauser

middle | Agricultural Research Service | ORCID 0000-0002-6304-0216

Michael A. Gore

middle | Cornell University | ORCID 0000-0001-6896-8024

Jean‐Luc Jannink

last | Agricultural Research Service | ORCID 0000-0003-4849-628X

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Villwock2026Gene,
  title = {Gene-metabolite networks reveal physiological trade-offs but not transcriptional co-regulation between carotenoids and dry matter in cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) roots},
  author = {Seren S. Villwock and Kiara Madelaine Moreira Gómez and Tara Fish and J G Lee and Ailene Doherty and Adrian White and Theodore W. Thannhauser and Michael A. Gore and Jean‐Luc Jannink},
  journal = {bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.64898/2026.07.11.737982},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.11.737982}
}

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