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Sex‐Specific Relationships Between Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Peptide (NOP) Receptors and Alcohol Drinking: Longitudinal PET Studies in Cynomolgus Monkeys

Paul W. Czoty, Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai, Mack Miller, Michael D. Moore and 4 more

Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology | Aug 12, 2026

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Bidirectional relationships between brain NOP receptors and ethanol self-administration are demonstrated and evidence of subtle sex differences in these interactions is provided.

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ABSTRACT Drugs that interact with brain nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP) receptors can decrease ethanol consumption in preclinical models of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Studies using positron emission tomography (PET imaging) in humans with AUD reported lower levels of NOP receptors compared to controls. Here, uptake of the NOP receptor–selective PET radiotracer [ 11 C]NOP‐1A was measured in monkeys (six males, five females) when ethanol‐naïve and again after a 4‐month induction procedure plus 6 months of ethanol drinking (22 h/day, 5 days/week). Although there were no sex differences in brain uptake of [ 11 C]NOP‐1A before ethanol self‐administration, sex differences were observed in relationships between [ 11 C]NOP‐1A uptake and ethanol‐related measures. Baseline [ 11 C]NOP‐1A uptake in the orbitofrontal cortex in males and caudate nucleus in females predicted future ethanol intakes. Moreover, chronic ethanol self‐administration produced changes in [ 11 C]NOP‐1A uptake in AUD‐related brain areas. Increases in uptake were observed in the putamen of both sexes and in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala of males; females showed a decrease in the insula. Changes in [ 11 C]NOP‐1A uptake in the orbitofrontal cortex, putamen and hypothalamus of males and caudate nucleus of females were related to ethanol intake. These results demonstrate bidirectional relationships between brain NOP receptors and ethanol self‐administration and provide evidence of subtle sex differences in these interactions.

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Paul W. Czoty

first | Wake Forest University | ORCID 0000-0003-1778-4625

Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai

middle | Wake Forest University | ORCID 0000-0002-6442-5169

Mack Miller

middle | Wake Forest University

Michael D. Moore

middle | Wake Forest University | ORCID 0009-0009-0196-8527

Paul Josef Myburgh

middle | Wake Forest University | ORCID 0000-0002-6760-607X

Laura R. Grace

middle | Wake Forest University

Joshua N. Prete

middle | Wake Forest University

Phillip M. Epperly

last | Wake Forest University

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BibTeX

@article{Czoty2026Specific,
  title = {Sex‐Specific Relationships Between Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Peptide (NOP) Receptors and Alcohol Drinking: Longitudinal PET Studies in Cynomolgus Monkeys},
  author = {Paul W. Czoty and Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai and Mack Miller and Michael D. Moore and Paul Josef Myburgh and Laura R. Grace and Joshua N. Prete and Phillip M. Epperly},
  journal = {Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1111/bcpt.70282},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70282}
}

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