Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration Peer reviewed

Climate stress and female internal migration in China

Tongxuan Gao, Virginia Hernanz, Cristina Suárez

Asian and Pacific migration journal | Aug 12, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

This study examines female internal migration in China under climate-related shocks within a push-and-pull framework. It combines longitudinal microdata from the China Family Panel Studies (2010-2022) with city-level climate and economic indicators. Gender-specific probit models assess how environmental stress, local labor markets, and household characteristics shape women’s migration. Droughts, heatwaves, and floods act as push factors, and urban economic opportunities as pull factors, with marked heterogeneity across regions and groups. The response to climate stress is itself gendered: Education enables women to move, whereas the burden of elderly care holds them in place.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Tongxuan Gao

first | Universidad de Alcalá

Virginia Hernanz

middle | Universidad de Alcalá | ORCID 0000-0003-3683-9900

Cristina Suárez

last | Universidad de Alcalá | ORCID 0000-0003-2579-0734

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Gao2026Climate,
  title = {Climate stress and female internal migration in China},
  author = {Tongxuan Gao and Virginia Hernanz and Cristina Suárez},
  journal = {Asian and Pacific migration journal},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1177/01171968261476343},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968261476343}
}

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