Numerical Investigation of Combustion Chamber Geometry and Injection Strategy in an Ammonia–Dimethyl Ether Dual-Fuel Engine

Abstract

Abstract

Ammonia, as a hydrogen carrier and carbon-free alternative fuel, shows great potential in future low-carbon energy systems. This study uses dimethyl ether (DME) as a combustion promoter for ammonia to enhance the combustion performance of ammonia-fueled engines. To address the issue of unburned ammonia emissions, the original combustion chamber geometry was optimized by removing the squish area to enhance flame propagation. At an ammonia energy ratio (AER) of 60%, the modified combustion chamber (MCC) reduces unburned ammonia (uNH3) emissions by up to 85.46% and improves indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) by 1.93% compared to the original combustion chamber (OCC). Furthermore, to achieve higher thermal efficiency and lower pollutant emissions, the DME injection strategy was redesigned based on the MCC. The results show that adjusting the single injection timing (SIT) and injection angle (INA) of DME can effectively improve the homogeneity of the in-cylinder combustible mixture and enhance combustion efficiency; however, overly concentrated injection can lead to rapid heat release and increase the risk of knock. The split injection strategy enables more controllable combustion phasing, significantly reduces the maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) and ringing intensity (RI), and mitigates knocking tendency. When the main injection timing (MIT) is −5 °CA ATDC, pilot injection timing (PIT) is −30 °CA ATDC, and the pilot injection ratio (PIR) is 60%, the ITE reaches 49.98%, which is 3.53% higher than that of the pure diesel mode. Greenhouse gas (GHG) and NOx emissions are reduced by 45.94% and 62.49%, respectively, with uNH3 emissions as low as 4.16 g/kw·h.