Model Reduction and Neural Networks Open access

Koopman operator theory: fundamentals, control, and applications

Igor Mezić, J P Martinez Cortes, Karl Worthmann, Mircea Lazar and 1 more

arXiv (Cornell University) | Jul 2, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

The Koopman operator has gained considerable attention due to its ability to provide a global linear representation of highly complex dynamical systems. The operator describes nonlinear dynamics in a linear way through the lens of real- or complex-valued observable functions. Recently proposed data-driven techniques, like extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD), its kernelized variant, and machine-learning methods, can be used to generate finite-dimensional approximations accompanied by finite-data error bounds. In this tutorial paper, we provide a concise introduction into Koopman operator theory and its use in systems and control. A particular focus is put on data-driven surrogate models, their extension to systems with inputs, and controller design using Koopman operator theory. Moreover, we demonstrate the key techniques, i.e., EDMD and Koopman MPC. To this end, we provide simulation studies including source code on GitHub to enable the interested reader to experience the Koopman operator in systems and control step by step.

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Authors

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Igor Mezić

first

J P Martinez Cortes

middle

Karl Worthmann

middle

Mircea Lazar

middle | ORCID 0000-0003-4338-9004

Armin Lederer

last | ORCID 0000-0001-6263-5608

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Mezi2026Koopman,
  title = {Koopman operator theory: fundamentals, control, and applications},
  author = {Igor Mezić and J P Martinez Cortes and Karl Worthmann and Mircea Lazar and Armin Lederer},
  journal = {arXiv (Cornell University)},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.01819}
}

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