Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures Open access Peer reviewed

Holding forces of two-stranded Figure-8 knotted slings in sandstone cracks: Experiments and analytical modelling

Lars Muschalski, Richard Protz, Jörn Jaschinski, Andreas Hornig and 1 more

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology | Jul 16, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

In the Elbe Sandstone Mountains two-stranded Figure-8 knotted slings are commonly used as climbing protection.These protections are experimentally examined on the basis of 8 mm technical accessory cord in an artificial crack test rig.The resulting load-bearing capacity by means of the maximum force is characterized for different friction linings while varying the crack angle and crack width.Based on the experimental results and an analytical model, it is demonstrated that for crack angles below 20° the required crack widths are less than the 1.5-fold rope diameter to effectively withstand typical forces encountered during a lead climber fall.

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Authors

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Lars Muschalski

first | Technische Universität Dresden | ORCID 0009-0008-7727-222X

Richard Protz

middle | Technische Universität Dresden

Jörn Jaschinski

middle | Technische Universität Dresden

Andreas Hornig

middle | University of Oxford | ORCID 0000-0003-2653-7546

Μaik Gude

last | Technische Universität Dresden | ORCID 0000-0003-1370-064X

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Muschalski2026Holding,
  title = {Holding forces of two-stranded Figure-8 knotted slings in sandstone cracks: Experiments and analytical modelling},
  author = {Lars Muschalski and Richard Protz and Jörn Jaschinski and Andreas Hornig and Μaik Gude},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1177/17543371261463813},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371261463813}
}

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