Environmental Education and Sustainability Open access Peer reviewed

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pro-Environmental Intention Within the Theory of Planned Behavior Framework

Carlos Galleguillos Cortés, Alexander Börger-Ferrari, Manuel Barraza-Borquez

Sustainability | Aug 5, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

This study conducts a meta-analytical evaluation of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a theoretical framework predicting pro-environmental intentions. Although widely employed in this area, doubts have been raised about the reliability and applicability of this theory beyond particular settings. To conduct an objective analysis, a comprehensive systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 recommendations was carried out, after which a random-effects meta-analysis was performed to assess the strength of connections between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and pro-environmental intention. It can be concluded that all three factors have a significant positive impact on pro-environmental intentions. Attitude turned out to be the best predictor, while PBC and subjective norm came second and third respectively. However, there is notable heterogeneity (I2 > 92%), meaning that primary studies showed large disparities in effect sizes. This proves that, although TPB is empirically relevant, it cannot be considered a consistently predictive theory.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Carlos Galleguillos Cortés

first | University of Atacama | ORCID 0000-0002-8680-0097

Alexander Börger-Ferrari

middle | University of Atacama | ORCID 0000-0002-9956-6455

Manuel Barraza-Borquez

last | University of Atacama

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Corts2026Systematic,
  title = {A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pro-Environmental Intention Within the Theory of Planned Behavior Framework},
  author = {Carlos Galleguillos Cortés and Alexander Börger-Ferrari and Manuel Barraza-Borquez},
  journal = {Sustainability},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/su18157927},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/su18157927}
}

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