Organometallic Complex Synthesis and Catalysis Peer reviewed

The Origin of Oligomer Formation in Cr/PNP-Catalyzed Ethylene Tetramerization

Jiale Niu, Jiale Peng, Xiaoke Shi, Yangang Guo and 3 more

ACS Catalysis | Jun 11, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

The concomitant formation of oligomeric byproducts in ethylene tetramerization remains a major concern. Yet, the presence of higher oligomers (≥C 10 ) can provide mechanistic insights to improve the coselectivity of 1-C 6 /1-C 8 . Here, experimental work combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the classical Cr/PNP system is used to explore the origin of these oligomers. A quantitative link between the Schulz−Flory coefficient ( K value) and oligomer formation is established, which allows for the evaluation of different byproduct pathways. Time-resolved analyses show that these oligomers are primary products arising synchronously from parallel competitive pathways within the catalytic cycle. DFT results further suggest that at least part of the ≥C 10 fraction arises from a Schulz−Flory distribution accessed during a catalytic off-cycle. We propose that these oligomers originate from chain propagation by a presumed ethyl-cyclopentyl Cr species, indicating that oligomer formation is an inherent part of ethylene tetramerization and thus challenging to eliminate.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Jiale Niu

first | East China University of Science and Technology | ORCID 0000-0002-3792-9628

Jiale Peng

middle | East China University of Science and Technology | ORCID 0009-0009-9844-1878

Xiaoke Shi

middle | East China University of Science and Technology

Yangang Guo

middle | East China University of Science and Technology

Li Sun

middle | East China University of Science and Technology | ORCID 0000-0002-5249-4052

Tao Li

middle | East China University of Science and Technology | ORCID 0000-0001-8011-681X

Zhen Liu

last | East China University of Science and Technology | ORCID 0000-0003-3103-4011

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Niu2026Origin,
  title = {The Origin of Oligomer Formation in Cr/PNP-Catalyzed Ethylene Tetramerization},
  author = {Jiale Niu and Jiale Peng and Xiaoke Shi and Yangang Guo and Li Sun and Tao Li and Zhen Liu},
  journal = {ACS Catalysis},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1021/acscatal.6c01686},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6c01686}
}

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