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Croissant Charts: Modulating the Performance of Normal Distribution Visualizations with Affordances

Racquel Fygenson, Enrico Bertini, Lace Padilla

Computer Graphics Forum | Jun 11, 2026

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It is demonstrated that affordances can complement effectiveness rankings by further explaining the root causes behind visualizations' task performance, and the potential for affordance‐based approaches to enhance visualization effectiveness and inform future design decisions is underscored.

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Abstract Affordances, originating in psychology, describe how an object's design influences the physical and cognitive actions users may take. Past work applied affordance theory to visualization to explain how design decisions can impact the cognitive actions of visualization readers. In this work, we demonstrate that affordances can complement effectiveness rankings by further explaining the root causes behind visualizations' task performance. To do so, we conduct a case study on static normal probability density function plots, identifying their current affordances. Next, we identify the optimal affordances for a common probability‐comparison task and develop a novel affordance‐driven visualization, the Croissant Chart, to support them. We empirically validate the design's effectiveness through a preregistered study (n = 808), demonstrating how affordances can inform predictable changes in task performance. Our findings underscore the potential for affordance‐based approaches to enhance visualization effectiveness and inform future design decisions.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Racquel Fygenson

first | Northeastern University | ORCID 0000-0002-0705-9000

Enrico Bertini

middle | Northeastern University | ORCID 0000-0002-9932-0551

Lace Padilla

last | Northeastern University | ORCID 0000-0001-9251-5279

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Fygenson2026Croissant,
  title = {Croissant Charts: Modulating the Performance of Normal Distribution Visualizations with Affordances},
  author = {Racquel Fygenson and Enrico Bertini and Lace Padilla},
  journal = {Computer Graphics Forum},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1111/cgf.70463},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70463}
}

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