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Unveiling memory’s role in the hindsight bias: A relative accessibility account.

Marta Stragà, Irene Florean, Gioia Chiacchiaretta, Martina Iacumin and 2 more

Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition | Jun 8, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Research on the hindsight bias with the memory design has mainly focused on the mechanisms underlying the biased reconstruction of the original judgments after the presentation of the correct answers, as well as on the robustness and generalizability of the bias. Less attention has been paid to the memory processes that hinder the recall of the original judgments (recollection bias) or promote their biased reconstruction (reconstruction bias) after the presentation of the correct answers. However, memory processes are important to explain the cognitive underpinnings of these biases. In three experiments with the memory design, we contrasted the relative accessibility, discriminability, and context change hypotheses on the memory underpinnings of the size of the recollection and reconstruction biases. The findings provided more support for the relative accessibility hypothesis: When the memory traces of the original judgments were more accessible relative to the interfering traces of the correct answers, the size of the recollection and reconstruction biases was smaller. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Marta Stragà

first | University of Trieste | ORCID 0000-0003-2807-0628

Irene Florean

middle | University of Trieste | ORCID 0000-0001-9406-9794

Gioia Chiacchiaretta

middle | University of Trieste

Martina Iacumin

middle | University of Trieste

R Miceli

middle | University of Trieste

Fabio Del Missier

last | University of Trieste | ORCID 0000-0003-4681-5857

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Strag2026Unveiling,
  title = {Unveiling memory’s role in the hindsight bias: A relative accessibility account.},
  author = {Marta Stragà and Irene Florean and Gioia Chiacchiaretta and Martina Iacumin and R Miceli and Fabio Del Missier},
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1037/xlm0001636},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001636}
}

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