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Segment-Scale Strain Accumulation and Seismic Potential of the Central North Anatolian Fault Zone with GNSS Constraints

Kayhan Aladoğan, İbrahim Tiryakioğlu, Cemil Gezgin, Halil İbrahim Solak and 2 more

Remote Sensing | Jun 24, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

GNSS-derived strain-rate analysis, geodetic earthquake recurrence modeling, and seismic potential estimations were integrated to investigate segment-scale deformation behavior along the central North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) using a high-resolution geodetic velocity field. The obtained strain rates reveal that deformation within the central NAFZ is distributed across a geometrically complex and kinematically heterogeneous fault network rather than being restricted to the main fault strand alone. While the main fault accommodates the majority of regional deformation, significant strain accumulation is also observed along major splay fault systems, including the Merzifon–Esençay, Ezinepazarı, Sungurlu, Eldivan, and Ekinveren faults. The derived strain patterns further indicate the coexistence of localized transtensional and transpressional deformation regimes controlled by fault geometry, segment boundaries, and structural discontinuities. Geodetically derived earthquake recurrence periods display pronounced spatial variability, with shorter recurrence periods concentrated along the main fault strand and comparatively longer earthquake cycles characterizing structurally complex splay systems. Among the investigated structures, the eastern and central segments of the Merzifon–Esençay Fault (MEF) exhibit relatively elevated strain accumulation and seismic potential. In particular, the estimated potential earthquake magnitudes reaching Mw 7.3–7.5, together with paleoseismological evidence indicating that the most recent major surface-rupturing event along the Esençay segment occurred approximately 3700 years ago, suggest that this fault system may represent a candidate seismic gap within the central NAFZ. Overall, the results demonstrate that deformation within the central NAFZ is strongly partitioned among interacting fault segments and highlight the importance of segment-scale geodetic analyses for improving seismic hazard assessments in complex strike-slip fault systems.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Kayhan Aladoğan

first | Hitit Üniversitesi | ORCID 0000-0002-7759-1772

İbrahim Tiryakioğlu

middle | Afyon Kocatepe University | ORCID 0000-0002-4954-7109

Cemil Gezgin

middle | Aksaray University | ORCID 0000-0002-5951-0107

Halil İbrahim Solak

middle | Afyon Kocatepe University | ORCID 0000-0001-5286-0369

Hakan Yavaşoğlu

middle | Istanbul Technical University | ORCID 0000-0002-3139-4327

Vahap Engin Gülal

last | Türkisch-Deutsche Universität

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Aladoan2026Segment,
  title = {Segment-Scale Strain Accumulation and Seismic Potential of the Central North Anatolian Fault Zone with GNSS Constraints},
  author = {Kayhan Aladoğan and İbrahim Tiryakioğlu and Cemil Gezgin and Halil İbrahim Solak and Hakan Yavaşoğlu and Vahap Engin Gülal},
  journal = {Remote Sensing},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.3390/rs18132070},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18132070}
}

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