Banking stability, regulation, efficiency Peer reviewed

Monetary Policy, Bank Fragility, and the Modern Financial Intermediation

Gregor Matvos, Tomasz Piskorski, Amit Seru

Annual Review of Economics | Aug 7, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

This article reviews recent research on monetary policy transmission through banks and the broader financial intermediation sector, and its implications for financial stability. Traditional banks remain fragile due to high leverage and maturity transformation, making them vulnerable to interest rate, credit, and liquidity shocks. Meanwhile, the rise of nonbank intermediation—now involved in most lending—has reshaped how credit is originated, funded, and distributed, complicating policy transmission and regulation. We examine evidence on six key adjustment margins of monetary policy transmission through banks and the financial intermediation sector: ( a ) balance sheet valuation, ( b ) loan retention, ( c ) securities holdings, ( d ) shadow bank lending substitution, ( e ) deposit substitution, and ( f ) bank-to-nonbank lending. These channels often reallocate credit in response to monetary and capital shocks rather than just altering its aggregate level, highlighting the need for a system-wide perspective that reflects the adaptive, interconnected nature of modern financial intermediation.

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Authors

Researchers on this paper

Gregor Matvos

first | Northwestern University | ORCID 0009-0009-3990-4035

Tomasz Piskorski

middle | National Bureau of Economic Research

Amit Seru

last | Hoover Institution

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Citation

BibTeX

@article{Matvos2026Monetary,
  title = {Monetary Policy, Bank Fragility, and the Modern Financial Intermediation},
  author = {Gregor Matvos and Tomasz Piskorski and Amit Seru},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-051624-060715},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-051624-060715}
}

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