Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies
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This work reports the first demonstration of single-cell control using bulk acoustic standing-wave acoustofluidics with closed-loop feedback, and introduces VeLO (Vector-based Local Optimization), a model-free, reinforcement learning–inspired algorithm that enables programmable two-dimensional manipulation of individual cells using a single piezoelectric transducer.
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Precise, non-invasive manipulation of individual living cells remains a central challenge in biomedical science, with far-reaching implications for single-cell analysis, tissue engineering, and the study of cell-cell interactions. Here, we report the first demonstration of single-cell control using bulk acoustic standing-wave acoustofluidics with closed-loop feedback. We introduce VeLO (Vector-based Local Optimization), a model-free, reinforcement learning-inspired algorithm that enables programmable two-dimensional manipulation of individual cells using a single piezoelectric transducer. Without prior calibration or physical modeling, VeLO learns system dynamics online from acoustically induced cell displacements and automatically adapts to nonlinear, time-varying conditions. We achieve robust control across multiple cell types (DU-145, Jurkat, K-562) and independent manipulation of multiple cells, including controlled cell-cell contact. By combining simplicity of hardware with autonomous, adaptive control, this approach establishes multimodal acoustofluidics as a versatile tool for label-free, high-precision single-cell manipulation.
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@article{Edthofer2026Programmable,
title = {Programmable acoustic single cell manipulation with model-free machine learning},
author = {Alexander Edthofer and Guilherme Perticarari and Selma Hevelius Bounja and Thierry Baasch},
journal = {bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.64898/2026.06.29.735220},
url = {https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.29.735220}
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