MXene and MAX Phase Materials
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Abstract
Abstract
Abstract MXenes, a large family of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides and nitrides, have attracted considerable interest owing to their unique physicochemical properties. Structural defects play a key role in tuning these properties, yet their characterization remains highly challenging. Herein, controlled Ne2+ ion implantation of Ti3AlC2 MAX phases is employed to generate well-defined defect densities, followed by exfoliation through a mild LiF/HCl route to obtain defect-engineered Ti3C2Tx MXenes. Raman spectroscopy reveals a high sensitivity of A1g vibration at 206 cm–1 to structural disorder in the Ti3C2Tx MXene skeleton. In particular, the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of this mode increases linearly with implantation fluence, providing a direct semiquantitative descriptor of structural disorder. The relevance of the A1g mode as a disorder marker is further confirmed using a second defect-generation route based on increasingly harsh HF etching conditions. Finally, the Raman results are corroborated by complementary XPS/HAXPES and TEM-EELS analyses, which reveal defect-induced modifications of the MXene structure while preserving its overall crystallographic framework. Together, these findings establish Raman spectroscopy as a straightforward, nondestructive, and widely accessible tool for the assessment of structural disorder in Ti3C2Tx MXenes, with strong relevance for the development of defect engineering strategies in this large class of 2D materials.
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@article{Marinho2026Straightforward,
title = {Straightforward Assessment of Structural Disorder in Ti3C2T x MXene Using Raman Spectroscopy: Implications for Defect Engineering},
author = {André L. A Marinho and Marie‐Laure David and Noé Condé and Sophie Morisset and Christine Canaff and Patrick Chartier and Olivier Heintz and Anna Krystianiak and Isidoro López and Nadia Guignard and M. Marteau and L. Pichon and Dominique Eyidi and Vincent Mauchamp and Stéphane Celerier},
journal = {ACS Applied Nano Materials},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.1021/acsanm.6c01985},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.6c01985}
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